Gender a výzkum / Gender and Research 2022, 23 (2): 140-166 | DOI: 10.13060/gav.2022.020

Corpus-Linguistic Analysis of Speech Communities on Anti-Gender Discourse in Slovene

Damjan Popiča, Vojko Gorjanca
a University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts

This paper deals with a corpus-linguistic analysis of different text/media types in Slovene with the aim of finding out whether or not any of the communication channels covered by the corpora employed in our analysis serve as a means of unification against the concept of gender, thereby serving as a catalyst for creating and maintaining (new) speech communities. We aim to determine this by extracting the two most commonly misused concepts (terms) in Slovene, i.e. gender theory and gender ideology, and analysing their use in three different corpora of contemporary Slovene: the reference corpus Gigafida 2.0, the corpus of user-generated communication JANES, and the ELEXIS Slovenian Web 2020 corpus. Thus, we confirm that the media for user-generated communication, Twitter in particular, serve as a medium on which speech communities are being built, with their members sharing common views, activities, and beliefs. Hence, Twitter is used as a medium for maintaining and reproducing mutual ideology.

Keywords: speech community, gender theory, gender ideology, Twitter, corpus linguistics

Received: March 25, 2022; Revised: December 7, 2022; Accepted: December 9, 2022; Published: January 22, 2023  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Popič, Damjan and Vojko Gorjanc. 2022. "Corpus-Linguistic Analysis of Speech Communities on Anti-Gender Discourse in Slovene." Gender a výzkum / Gender and Research 23(2):140-166.
Download citation

References

  1. Antić Gaber, M. 2012: Onkraj binarnosti in dihotomij: ženske študije in študiji spola v Sloveniji. Pp. 349-370 in Connell, R. (ed.). Moškosti. Ljubljana: Krtina.
  2. Baider, F. 2018. 'Go to Hell Fucking Faggots, May You Die!' Framing the LGBT Subject in Online Comments. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 14 (1): 69-92, https://doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2018-0004. Go to original source...
  3. Baider, F., M. Kopytowska. 2018. Narrating Hostility, Challenging Hostile Narratives. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 14 (1): 1-24, https://doi.org/10.1515/lpp-2018-0001. Go to original source...
  4. Bloomfield, L. 1984 (1933). Language. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  5. Coates, J. 2013. The Discursive Production of Everyday Heterosexualities. Discourse & Society 24 (5): 536-552. Go to original source...
  6. Colella, D. 2021. Femonationalism and Anti-gender Backlash: the Instrumental Use of Gender Equality in the Nationalist Discourse of the Fratelli d'Italia Party. Gender & Development 29 (2-3): 269-289, https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2021.1978749. Go to original source...
  7. Erjavec, T., N. Ljubešić, D. Fišer. 2018: Korpus slovenskih spletnih uporabniških vsebin Janes. (The Janes Corpus of Slovene User-Generated Content) Pp. 16-43 in Fišer, D. (ed.). Viri, orodja in metode za analizo spletne slovenščine. Ljubljana: Ljubljana University Press, Faculty of Arts.
  8. Evkoski B., A. Pelicon, I. Mozetič, N. Ljubešić, P. Kralj Novak. 2022. Retweet Communities Reveal the Main Sources of Hate Speech. PLoS ONE17 (3): 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265602. Go to original source...
  9. Fišer, D., N. Ljubešić, T. Erjavec. 2018. The Janes Project: Language Resources and Tools for Slovene User Generated Content. Language Resources & Evaluation 54: 223-246, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-018-9425-z. Go to original source...
  10. Fishman, J. A. 1971. Sociolinguistics. Massachusetts: Newbury House.
  11. Garbagnoli, S. 2018. Italy as a Lighthouse: Anti-gender Protests between the 'Anthropological Question' and National Identity. Pp. 151-173 in Kuhar, R., D. Paternotte (eds.). Anti Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality. Lanham & New York: Rowman & Littlefield International. Go to original source...
  12. Gorjanc, V. 2019. Jezik(osl)ovna ideologija in jezikovna diskriminacija. (Language/Linguist Ideology and Discrimination) Pp. 281-290 in Požgaj-Hadži, V., M. Ljubešić, J. Ziherl (eds.). Ususret dijalogu: zbornik posvećen Mirjani Benjak. Novigrad/Cittanova: Muzej - Museo Lapidarium; Pula: Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile; Ljubljana: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete.
  13. Gorjanc, V., D. Fišer. 2018. Twitter in razmerja moči: diskurzna analiza kampanj ob referendumu za izenačitev zakonskih zvez v Sloveniji. (Twitter and the Power Balance: A Discursive Analysis of Referendum Campaigns on Equal Marriage in Slovenia) Slavistična revija 66 (4): 473-495.
  14. Gorjanc, V., D. Fišer. 2020. Twitter Discourse on LGBTQ+ in Slovenia. Pp. 36-55 in Fišer, D., P. Smith (eds.). The Dark Side of Digital Platforms: Linguistic Investigations of Socially Unacceptable Online Discourse Practices. Ljubljana: University Press, Faculty of Arts.
  15. Gregis Estivalet, A., G. Dvoskin. 2021. Education, Sexuality and Anti-gender Movements in Latin America. Gender a výzkum/Gender and Research 22 (2): 28-44, https://doi.org/10.13060/gav.2021.018. Go to original source...
  16. Guazina, L., A. G. Guerreiro, E. Santos. 2021. A normalização da agenda anti-gênero de Jair Bolsonaro: uma análise dos jornais Folha de S. Paulo e Estado de São Paulo. (The Normalisation of Jair Bolsonaro's Anti-gender Agenda: An Analysis of the Newspapers Folha de S. Paulo and Estado de São Paulo) Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo 10 (1): 44-61, https://doi.org/10.25200/SLJ.v10.n1.2021.453. Go to original source...
  17. Hall, S. 1996. The West and the Rest: Discourse and Power. Pp. 184-228 in Hall, S., D. Held, D. Hubert, K. Thompson (eds.). Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  18. Hodžić, A., A.Štulhofer. 2018. Embryo, Teddy Bear-Centaur and the Constitution: Mobilizations against 'Gender Ideology' and Sexual Permissiveness in Croatia. Pp. 59-77 in R. Kuhar, D. Paternotte (eds.). Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality. Lanham & New York: Rowman & Littlefield International. Go to original source...
  19. Kern, B., B. Vičar. 2019. Jezik in transspolne identitete. (Language and Trans-gender Identities) Slavistična revija 67 (2): 413-422 (https://srl.si/ojs/srl/article/view/2019-2-1-29).
  20. Kováts, E. 2021. Anti-Gender Politics in East-Central Europe: Right-Wing Defiance to West-Eurocentrism. GENDER - Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft (1): 76-90, https://doi.org/10.3224/gender.v13i1.06. Go to original source...
  21. Kováts, E., M. Poim (eds.). 2015. Gender as Symbolic Glue. The Position and Role of Conservative and Far Right Parties in the Anti-Gender Mobilisations in Europe. Brussels: FEPS - Foundation for European Progressive Studies.
  22. Kozmik, V., Jeram, J. (eds.). 1995. Neseksistična raba jezika. (Non-sexist Language Use) Ljubljana: Vlada Republike Slovenije, Urad za žensko politiko.
  23. Krek, S. P. Gantar, Š. Arhar Holdt, V. Gorjanc, 2016. Nadgradnja korpusov Gigafida, Kres, ccGigafida in ccKres. (Upgrading the Corpora Gigafida, Kres, ccGigafida in ccKres) Pp. 200-203 in Erjavec, T., D. Fišer (eds.). Zbornik konference Jezikovne tehnologije in digitalna humanistika. Ljubljana: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete.
  24. Krek, S., Š. Arhar Holdt, T. Erjavec, J. Čibej, A. Repar, P. Gantar, N. Ljubešić, I. Kosem, K. Dobrovoljc. 2020. Gigafida 2.0: the Reference Corpus of Written Standard Slovene. Pp. 3340-3345 in Calzolari, N. (ed.). LREC 2020: Twelfth International Conferenceon Language Resources and Evaluation. Paris: ELRA - European Language Resources Association.
  25. Kuhar, R. 2018. Changing Gender Several Times a Day: The Anti-Gender Movement in Slovenia. Pp. 215-232 in Kuhar, R., D. Paternotte (eds.). Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality. Lanham & New York: Rowman & Littlefield International. Go to original source...
  26. Kuhar, R., A. Zobec. 2017. The Anti-Gender Movement in Europe and the Educational Process in Public Schools. C-E-P-S Journal 7 (2): 29-46. Go to original source...
  27. Kuhar, R., D. Paternotte. 2018. Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality. Lanham & New York: Rowman & Littlefield International.
  28. Labov, W. 1972. Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  29. LaFave, N. 2016. Language Attitudes of Twitter Users Toward New York City English. Pp. 609-610 in Eder, M., J. Rybicki. Digital Humanities 2016: Conference Abstracts. Krakow, Jagiellonian University & Pedagogical University.
  30. Mayer, S., B. Sauer. 2018. 'Gender Ideology' in Austria: Coalitions around an Empty Signifier. Pp. 23-40 in Kuhar, R., D. Paternotte (eds.). Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality. Lanham & New York: Rowman & Littlefield International. Go to original source...
  31. Morgan, M. H. 2014. Speech Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  32. Motschenbacher, H. 2013. 'Now Everybody Can Wear a Skirt': Linguistic Constructions of Non-heteronormativity at Eurovision Song Contest Press Conferences. Discourse & Society 24 (5): 590-614. Go to original source...
  33. Onanuga, P. A. 2021. #ArewaAgainstLGBTQ Discourse: a Vent for Anti-Homonationalist Ideology in Nigerian Twittersphere? African Identities. Retrieved 15 November 2022 (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14725843.2021.1964435) https://doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2021.1964435. Go to original source...
  34. Popič, D., D. Fišer. 2017. Fear and Loathing on Twitter: Attitudes towards Language. Pp. 61-64 in Proceedings of the 5th Conference on CMC and Social Media Corpora for the Humanities (cmccorpora 17), Eurac Research, Italy.
  35. Popič, D., V. Gorjanc. (2018). Challenges of Adopting Gender-Inclusive Language in Slovene. Suvremena lingvistika 44 (86): 329-350, https://doi.org/10.22210/suvlin.2018.086.07. Go to original source...
  36. Stambolis-Ruhstorfer, M., J. Tricou. 2018. Resisting 'Gender Theory' in France: A Fulcrum for Religious Action in a Secular Society. Pp. 79-98 in Kuhar, R., D. Paternotte (eds.). Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality. Lanham & New York: Rowman & Littlefield International. Go to original source...
  37. Vida, B. 2019. New Waves of Anti-Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Strategies in the European Union: The Anti-Gender Discourse in Hungary. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters 27 (2): 13-16, https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2019.1610281. Go to original source...
  38. Żuk, P., P. Żuk. 2020. 'Murderers of the Unborn' and 'Sexual Degenerates': Analysis of the 'Anti-Gender' Discourse of the Catholic Church and the Nationalist Right in Poland. Critical Discourse Studies 17 (5): 566-588, https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2019.1676808. Go to original source...

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.